Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) belongs to family Astraceae and is native to Asia, demands for its production, including cut flowers, garden, potted plants and ground cover types has increases worldwide. These experiments were conducted to assess the effects of differnt levels of mushroom waste compost and vermicompost on growth, flowering, mineral uptake and vase life of two chrysanthemum cultivars “ whitebucket” and “ chinitta” . Rooted-cutting were planted on media containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 percent of mushroom waste compost and 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent of vermicompost. Results showed a significant difference among treatments, moreover the responses of cultivars to the treatment were statistically different. Application of mushroom waste compost and vermicompost to the media improved plant growth (plant dry weight, leaf number and height), increased macronutrient uptake (N, K, Ca and Mg) and leaf chlorophyll content. Flower quality (flower stalk and diameter) and post harvest vase life were also improved. However, levels higher than 30 percent of vermicompost showed a negative impact on plant growth. So, it seems that these compounds were able to improve plant growth by improving the nutrient uptake, leaf chlorophyll and leaf number.

This study was conducted to assess the genetic variety of 12 damask rose genotypes of Kurdistan using morphological traits in Zaleh Research Farm affiliated to Kurdistan Province Agriculture Research Center. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications and each replication included three stocks in each genotype. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among the studied genotypes at the probability level of 1%. Results of mean comparison showed a wide variety for studied traits in different genotypes. Relationship between traits showed that the number of flowers, plant height, average width, average length, average number of leaves, mean flower diameter, and petal to flower weight ratio per stem had positive and significant correlation at 1% probability level. Based on cluster analysis, 12 genotypes of damask rose were divided into four distinct groups according to different traits. Thus, according the results, genotypes Kurdistan 3 and Kurdistan 2 can be introduced as superior genotypes. Kurdistan 3 had high yield in flower per hectare and the number of flowers in per bush, and Kurdistan 2 had the highest flower diameter.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost on the flower yield and its components in genotypes of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications since 2018-2020 years in the Research Field of Golestan Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental factors were included three levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 ton ha-1) and four levels of Damask rose genotypes (Kashan, Semnan, Azerbaijan Garbi and Golestan). In this experiment, average plant height, number of flower per plant, flower diameter, fresh weight of flower per plant, dray weight of  flower per plant, yield of fresh flowers and yield of dry flowers were measured for each treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments combinations in terms of all the studied traits (P<0.01). The highest average plant height, maximum number of flowers per plant, highest flower diameter, highest fresh flower yield and dry flower yield were obtained in all genotypes in the maximum application of vermicompost (10 ton/ha). In terms of flower yield, Kashan genotype with fresh flower yield 2319.35 kg/ha and yield of dry flower with 651.22 kg/ha has the highest and Golestan genotype with fresh flower yield 1317.16 kg/ha and dry flower yield with 452.23 kg/ha had the lowest flower yield. Also signification correlation was observed between some of the quantitative traits in this experiment, yield of dry flowers per hectare direct and high relationship with the number of flowers per plant (r=0.95) and fresh flower yield (r = 0.96).

Drought and salinity are among the most important factors limiting plant growth in many parts of the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction effects of drought and salinity stresses on some morphological and physiological factors of Narcissus tazetta L. This pot experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand in 2017. The treatments included sodium chloride (NaCl) in four levels 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM and drought stress in four levels 30, 50, 70 and 90% of field capacity. The results showed that salinity and drought stresses decreased length and width of leaf, dry weight of shoot and bulb, relative water content and chlorophyll content. However, the effects of salinity and drought stress and their interaction on reducing the number of flowers in flowering stem were not significant. In contrast, electrolyte leakage and proline content were increased under these two stresses. In general, the results showed that in the range of applied treatments, the destructive effects of salinity stress on growth, ornamental and physiological traits of N. tazetta flower were more than drought stress.

Background: The aim of radiation therapy is to deliver a precisely measured dose of irradiation to a defended tumor volume. Simulation has been used instances to document the configuration of the portal and target volume to be irradiated accurately. Unfortunately, there is non-Conventional simulation in most of cancer centers in Iran. There fore in this study, it was tried to estimate pelvic inlet from inrerspinous diameter (distance between two Ant. Sup. Iliac spine) of the aforementioned patients in Radiotherapy – Oncology Department in Imam Hossein hospital. Materials and methods: Interspious diameter on the surface kin (X) and pelvic inlet (Y) on simulation in the 44 men and 61 women were determined, coefficient (r) in men and women rm=0.8841 rw=0.8141 and linear regression analysis the following equation was obtained. Y=0.525X-0.339 R2=0.7815 for men Y=0.326 X+5.18 R2=0.6626 for women Conclusion: It was concluded that in both men and women, it is possible to estimate pelvic Inlet diameter from Interspinous diameter. But the coefficient of determination (Rsq) is lower in women than men.

Background and objectives Narcissus that is one of the most important ornamental and medicinal plants that its various species are grown in throughout the world except for tropical regions. Narcissus cv. Shahla is a perennial bulbous plants which is used as cut flower, garden and pot plant. Considering that the narcissus plant is one of the most important economic and cultivating crop in Iran. On the other hand, the drought crisis and salinity of water and soil are one of the serious problems of agricultural production. Knowledge of the tolerance of this plant to drought and salinity stresses in order to produce optimal product is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of drought and salinity stresses on some reproductive and biochemical chracteristics and sodium and potassium ion concentrations of N. tazzeta flower. Materials and methods This pot research was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design, with 3 replications. The first factor was drought stress at four levels of 90% (control), 70%, 50% and 30% field capacity (FC), and the second factor was salinity stress of irrigation water caused by sodium chloride at four levels of 0 (control), 20, 40 and 60 mM. Application of drought and salinity treatments lasted about 4 months and then the traits were measured. The investigated traits were included flower number, flower diameter, total chlorophyll content, carotenoid and total flavonoids of leaf, activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes of leaf, and the sodium and potassium elements of leaf and bulb. Results The results showed that the effect of drought and salinity stresses and their interaction on flower number was not significant, but these stresses reduced flower diameter. The highest and lowest flower diameter was obtained from control and 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatments. The simple effects of salinity and drought stresses and their interaction on total chlorophyll content was significant and decreased, so that 60 mM NaCl × 30% FC treatment reduced total chlorophyll content by 72% compared to control. Salinity and drought stress reduced leaf carotenoid content, so that the amount of this trait at the highest levels of salinity and drought decreased by 26 and 25% respectively, compared with the control. The results showed that with increasing levels of salinity and drought stress, the activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes increased, so that the highest enzyme activity was obtained from the highest levels (salinity 60 mM and 30% field capacity). In the interaction of two stresses, the highest activity of catalase enzyme was obtained from 60 mM × 30% FC with a 4. 5-fold increase compared to the control. With increasing salinity and drought stress, the amount of potassium in leaves and bulb decreased, but the sodium content of leaf and bulb increased with increasing stresses level, especially salinity stress. Conclusion The results showed that all levels of drought and salinity stress improved the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and guaiacol peroxidase) and non-enzyme (total flavonoid) of N. tazetta flower, but under drought and salinity stress conditions, flower diameter, carotenoid and total chlorophyll content decreased. Under the conditions of salinity and drought stresses, the amount of sodium accumulation in the leaves was higher than that of the bulb. The results showed that the sensitivity of N. tazetta plant to salinity stress was more than drought, which was exacerbated by simultaneous application of two stresses. In general, the results showed that cultivation of N. tazetta flower up to 70% FC and iriigation salinity about 3 dS/m did not have a significant negative effect on yield and plant quality and it is recommended.

Introduction: Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which adversely affect crop productivity and plant growth. A good nutritional status of the plant could alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress. Zinc dificiency is one one the most predominant mineral dificiency especially in dry and semi-dry regions. Zinc has a critical role in protein metabolism, gene experssion, cell-wall integrity, other micronutrient content and carbon metabolism. Hybrid Petunias are garden standbys developed from several South American Petunia species. These sun and heat-loving annuals or tender perennials were among the first ornamentals to be bred for the bedding plant market in the 1950s. Petunia is cultivated in flower beds and pots and requires full sunlight to produce plants and flowers with bright attractive colors. Petunias are as easy to grow as they are pretty. They require ample sun and grow best in rich soil with good drainage. They bloom best with regular fertilization and will continue to flower all seasons Material and methods: seedlings grown on media containing 70: 30 garden soil: sand were spraed with diefferent concentrations (0, 5, 25 and 50 MgL-1 ) of Nanoparticles and zinc-sulfate. Spraying repeated in two weeks interval on plants after drought stress implementation (50 and 100 percent of field capacity). Morphological and physiological traits were evaluated during the growing period and after final harvest. Results and discussion: results showed that drought stress affected all of the studied traits significantly. Spraying with zinc nanoparticle had significant and positive effects on all morphological and physiological trait except stomatal conductance. Spraying with zinc-sulfate enhanced plant growth, proline accumulation, flower and leaf number. In case of flower number, no significant difference were observed among treatments under drought strss condition, while, under normal condition, plants treated with 25 mg/l of each compound produced 7 more flowers than control. Conclusions: spraying with zinc nanoparticles was more effective than zinc-sulfate on alleviation of drought stress and consequently on growth and flowering of petunia plants.

The present study was designed to evaluate blood factors in the Flower horn fishes that were fed with different levels of hydrolyzed cow skin.216 fishes with average weight and length, respectively, 0.95±0.2 (g) and 3.7±0.2 (cm) during the 100-days period of experiment were fed. Results showed that in the treatments fed diets containing 40% hydrolyzed cow skin, number of RBC with mean (2.5±0.33) ×106, percent of Htc (25±1.72) and hemoglobin (8.5±.66) grams per deciliter, was increased compared to controls (p<0.05). The maximum of WBC (18.1±1.82) ×103 was related to diet containing 40% hydrolyzed cow skin too that had non-significant increase compared to the control diet (p>0.05). The highest values of MCV factor with average (1.04±0.32) was related to treatment %100 (p<0.05) and the lowest values of it with average (0.96±0.52) was related to treatment 60% (p<0.05). But in MCH, the highest measured values with average (3.45±0.72), was related to the control diet and the lowest values of it with average (3.36±0.24) was related to treatment 20% (p<0.05). In MCHC factor, the highest measured values with average (35.00 ±3.81), was related to the treatment 20% and the lowest values of it with average (28.39 ±3.78) was related to treatment 60% (p<0.05). So, the best level of cow skin hydrolysis to add to the diet of ornamental fish Flower horn was 40%.

Zinnia (Zinnia sp) has long flowering period and is used as cut flower, pot plant and landscap desings. The effect of different levels of phosphorus and vermicompost medium were studied on the vegetative and flowering characteristics of Zinna. Treatments consisted of phosphorus at three levels (0, 0. 5 and 1 mg /kg) and vermicompost at three levels (0, 10 and 20% vol). The experiments were factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Plants grown in greenhouse conditions for two months. The plants were then cut off from the crown and the leaves and stems were separated. Some of the traits measured included dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll content, vegetation index, root length, flowering stalk and flower diameter. The results showed that the use of phosphorus and vermicompost at higher levels had a significant effect the measured charcteristics. The highest diameter of flower was 5. 5 cm and the maximum length of flowering branch was 32. 5 cm in treatment of 1 mg/kg phosphorus and 20% vermicompost. Maximum chlorophyll a and b content, root and shoots fresh and dry weights and vegetation index were observed when vermicompost at level of 20% and phosphorus at levels of 0. 5 and 1 mg / kg were used. In general, results indicated that use of vermicompost with phosphorus spraying improved the vegetative and flowering indices.

Background and Objective: Zinnia flowers are widely used as ornamental plants due to their long flowering period and suitability for cut flower arrangements and open spaces. This study investigated the effect of algae and fungi treatments on the vegetative and flowering traits of Zinnia flowers in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture at Zanjan University, using a completely randomized design with three replications. Methods: Two-week-old Zinnia seedlings were obtained from the Zanjan Municipality Green Space Center and placed in uniform potting substrates in the greenhouse, consisting of equal parts of garden soil with a sandy clay texture, cocopeat, and perlite. At this stage, the fungal treatments (Glomus mosseae, Gnomoniopsis castaneae, and a combination of both fungi) were mixed with the soil at a rate of 15 grams per pot. After the plants reached the 4 to 6 leaf stage and full establishment and health of the seedlings were ensured in greenhouse conditions, the algae treatment (Spirulina algae, brown algae, and a combination of both algae at a 2:1 ratio) was applied at a rate of 2% as a foliar spray. After the growth period and the onset of flowering, traits such as stem length, root development depth, leaf length, number of leaves, flower diameter, fresh and dry leaf weights, root volume, anthocyanin content, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll were measured. Results: The algae treatment had a significant effect on all traits except stem length, while the fungal treatment significantly affected all traits except stem length, root volume, and anthocyanin content. Furthermore, the mean comparison results showed that the highest flower diameter, and fresh and dry leaf weights in the treatment combining green and brown algae were 85.82 mm, 3.35 g, and 1 g, respectively, whereas the lowest flower diameter, fresh and dry leaf weights were found in the control with means of 61.98 mm, 1.76 g, and 0.53 g. This resulted in an increase of 33.67% in flower diameter, 34.90% in fresh leaf weight, and 68.88% in dry leaf weight. The highest anthocyanin and total chlorophyll content were observed in the combined effect treatment of both fungi, with means of 0.273 mol/g and 5.6 mg/g FW, while the lowest values in the control were 0.179 mol/g and 2.51 mg/g FW. Conclusion: The results showed that Zinnia flower can achieve better growth and quality performance in the presence of a mixture of both algae or the fungus G. castaneae.